Acute early life stress (ELS) alters stress system functioning in adulthood and increases susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). The current study assessed the effects of acute, infant ELS on alcohol drinking, including aversion-resistant drinking, in male and female Long Evans rats. Acute ELS was induced using a stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) protocol that consisted of 15 footshocks delivered on postnatal day (PND) 17. Alcohol drinking during adolescence and adulthood was measured with a two-bottle choice intermittent alcohol access paradigm. Aversion-resistant drinking was assessed in adulthood by adding quinine (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 g/L) to the alcohol bottle after 5 to 6 weeks and 11 to 12 weeks of drinking. ELS had minimal influences on adolescent and adult alcohol consumption and preference. However, ELS, sex, and alcohol exposure history all influenced aversion-resistant alcohol drinking in an additive fashion. Higher concentrations of quinine were tolerated in females, ELS-exposed rats, and after 11 to 12 weeks of drinking. Tests of quinine sensitivity in a separate cohort of animals found that rats can detect concentrations of quinine as low as 0.001 g/L in water and that quinine sensitivity is not influenced by sex or ELS exposure. These results agree with reports of sex differences in aversion-resistant drinking and are the first to demonstrate an influence of ELS on this behavior. Our results also suggest that a single traumatic stress exposure in infancy may be a promising model of comorbid PTSD and AUD and useful in studying the interactions between ELS, sex, and alcohol dependence.
The Elshad System 15
The annual draughts competition was held in the USSR from 1924 to 1991. The first official championship was held in 1924 in Moscow. The last championship was held in 1991 in connection with the disintegration of the USSR. The championships were held in a round robin system. The first and second championships were held without time control and without recording the games, which became mandatory starting from the third championship. The regulation gave 1 hour for 15 moves. It lasted until 1972. [1]
Since 1952, the championship began to be held with quarterfinals, semi-finals and finals. In 1961, for the first time, the national championship final was held on the Swiss system. In 1969, the Swiss system semi-final was held with 70 athletes, in the final 10 checkers played in a two-round robin system. In 1972, the system of micro-matches, proposed by the Moscow master Vladimir Gagarin, was used for the first time, designed to increase the number of productive games. According to this system, the opponents had to determine the result of the game between them not in one game, but in two: one game had to be played with white, and the second with black, moreover, for the victory in a micro-match (with a score of 2-0 or 1.5-0.5) one point was given, half a point was given for a draw, 0 points for a defeat.[2] In 1972, the semi-finals were played in a round robin system, in the finals in a round robin system, for the first time, micro-matches of two games with a shortened time control were played: 1 hour 10 minutes for the first 35 moves and then 30 minutes for every 15 moves. [3] Since this year, the finals have been played using the micromatch system. In 1973, the selection for the finals was based on the results of the championships of sports societies, the finals were held according to the Swiss system with a shorter time control. At the 1984 championship, the draw for the mandatory first moves was used for the first time. Since this year, the finals have been held in two stages. At the first stage, the participants of the second stage were selected. At the second stage, the champion and prize-winners were determined.
That being said, for the specific case of reading the appsettings.json, it's better to use the configuration tools built-in to the .NET Generic Host instead of manually parsing the JSON. This gives added benefits such as the ability to override these settings using environment variables and/or command line switches, as well as more easily moving them to another storage system such as KeyVault.
Ajanaku, Ayodele Ademola Oladimeji (2016)Fiat based currency systems underlie the cause of financial crises: A critical examination which identifies the failure to effectuate a durable monetary framework on the worldwide economy. Masters thesis, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London.
David, Timinipere (2018)The adequacy and efficacy of anti-money laundering legislations within the context of electronic banking and informal remittance systems in developing countries with particular reference to Nigeria and South Africa. Doctoral thesis, University of London. 2ff7e9595c
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